Charles V of France

Charles V of France, known as Charles the Wise, was born on January 21, 1338, and ascended to the throne in 1364. His reign marked a significant turning point during the tumultuous period of the Hundred Years' War, as he successfully led efforts to reclaim territories lost to the English, reversing the military setbacks faced by his predecessors.

Initially serving as regent when his father, John II, was captured at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356, Charles faced numerous challenges. To fund the kingdom's defense, he raised taxes, which incited opposition from the nobility, particularly from Charles the Bad, King of Navarre, and unrest among the bourgeoisie, represented by Étienne Marcel. Additionally, the peasant revolt known as the Jacquerie further complicated his regency. Despite these challenges, Charles negotiated the Treaty of Brétigny in 1360, which, although costly, was necessary for his father's release.

Upon becoming king, Charles V implemented effective governance strategies with the assistance of skilled advisers. He revitalized the royal treasury and restored the prestige of the House of Valois. Notably, he established the first permanent army in France, which was funded through regular wages, liberating the populace from the predatory routiers. Under the command of Bertrand du Guesclin, the French forces began to turn the tide of the war, reclaiming nearly all territories ceded to the English by the end of his reign.

Charles V's military successes extended to the naval front as well, with the French fleet, led by Jean de Vienne, launching attacks on the English coast for the first time since the war's onset. His reign came to an end on September 16, 1380, and he was succeeded by his son, Charles VI, whose reign would later see the English regain significant control over French territories.