Constans II

Constans II, born on the seventh of November in the year six hundred thirty, was a significant figure in Byzantine history, reigning as emperor from six hundred forty-one until his death in six hundred sixty-eight. Known as 'the Bearded,' he was the last emperor to hold the title of consul in six hundred forty-two, a position that would continue to exist until the reign of Leo VI the Wise.

His reign was marked by a delicate balance in religious policy, as he navigated the contentious waters between the Orthodox and Monothelite factions. In six hundred forty-eight, he issued the Typos of Constans, which prohibited discussions regarding the natures of Jesus Christ, aiming to quell the disputes that had arisen during his time.

Constans II's rule coincided with the tumultuous period of Arab invasions led by Umar, Uthman, and Mu'awiya I, which spanned from the late six hundreds to the early six hundreds. Despite these challenges, he made history as the first emperor to visit Rome since the fall of the Western Roman Empire in four hundred seventy-six, and notably, he was the last emperor to do so while the Empire still maintained control over the city.