Dai Zhen

Dai Zhen, born on January 19, 1724, in Xiuning, Anhui, was a prominent philosopher and mathematician during the Qing dynasty. Known for his versatility, Dai made significant contributions across various fields, including mathematics, geography, phonology, and philosophy. His work remains influential, particularly his critiques of Neo-Confucianism, which he approached with a unique perspective that challenged prevailing thought.

In 1733, Dai was invited by the esteemed scholar Ji Yun to join the editorial team for the Siku Quanshu, an official encyclopedia and collection of books. This role not only showcased his scholarly abilities but also positioned him as a key figure in the intellectual landscape of his time. His philosophical endeavors were particularly aligned with the Han Learning school of Evidential Learning, which sought to critique the Song Learning school of Neo-Confucianism.

Dai's critiques were profound, focusing on two main aspects of Neo-Confucian thought. Firstly, he argued that the emphasis on introspective self-examination detracted from the pursuit of truth, which he believed could be found through the investigation of the external world. Secondly, he contended that the Neo-Confucian aim to suppress human desire hindered rational inquiry. Dai posited that human desire is an essential part of the human experience, and its elimination could lead to a lack of understanding and control over one's emotions, as well as a diminished capacity for empathy.