Darius II

Darius II, also known by his given name Ochus, was a significant figure in the Achaemenid Empire, reigning as King of Kings from four hundred twenty-three BC until four hundred five or four hundred four BC. His ascent to power followed the death of Artaxerxes I, leading to a fierce struggle among his siblings for the throne. Ultimately, Ochus emerged victorious and adopted the name Darius, a title that would become synonymous with his rule.

His reign was characterized by considerable turmoil, including a series of revolts from various satraps and his involvement in the Greek Peloponnesian War. Darius II's leadership was notably influenced by his wife, Parysatis, who played a crucial role in the political landscape of the empire. Historical accounts, particularly from Ctesias, reveal intriguing details about the dynamics within the royal harem, suggesting that Darius was often embroiled in disreputable intrigues.

In addition to his political challenges, Darius II is mentioned in the Elephantine papyri, indicating his contemporary status alongside notable figures such as the high priest Johanan. Furthermore, there is ongoing debate among scholars regarding his potential references in the Hebrew Bible, particularly in the books of Haggai, Zechariah, and Ezra–Nehemiah, although some argue these may pertain to Darius the Great instead.