James V

James V, born on April 10, 1512, ascended to the Scottish throne at a mere seventeen months old, following the death of his father, King James IV. His early years were marked by regency, first under his mother, Margaret Tudor, and later by his cousin, John Stewart, Duke of Albany. It wasn't until 1528 that James began his personal rule, having escaped the control of his stepfather, Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus. His initial act of authority was to exile Angus and seize the Douglas lands.

During his reign, which lasted until his death in December 1542, James V implemented significant reforms that bolstered the royal income through enhanced control over estates and the profits derived from justice, customs, and feudal rights. He established the College of Justice in 1532, aiming to curb lawlessness in the Borders and the Hebrides. His reign also coincided with the rise of Protestantism in Scotland, and he adeptly navigated the political landscape shaped by the rivalry between France, England, and the Holy Roman Empire.

James's diplomatic acumen led to two advantageous marriages with French royalty, first to Madeleine of Valois and subsequently to Mary of Guise. He fathered at least nine illegitimate children, showcasing a personal life that was as complex as his political maneuvers. His relationship with the papacy was strengthened when Pope Paul III named him Defender of the Faith in 1537, allowing him to exert greater influence over ecclesiastical appointments and church revenues.

Despite being described as vindictive and motivated by wealth, James V was also known as the 'poor man's king' for his accessibility to the common people and his efforts against their oppressors. His reign ended following the Scottish defeat at the Battle of Solway Moss, leaving behind his only legitimate child, Mary, who succeeded him at just six days old.