Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik

Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik, born in the year six hundred eighty-five, was a distinguished Umayyad prince and a formidable military leader during the early eighth century. He is best remembered for his strategic campaigns against the Byzantine Empire and the Khazar Khaganate, particularly for leading the final Arab siege of Constantinople, which marked a significant moment in military history.

His military journey began with annual summer raids into Anatolia, where he quickly gained recognition for his leadership skills. By the year seven hundred nine, Maslama had ascended to the position of governor over Qinnasrin, the Jazira, Armenia, and Adharbayjan, effectively overseeing the northern frontier of the Caliphate. This role enabled him to initiate the first Arab expeditions against the Khazars, showcasing his ambition and tactical prowess.

In seven hundred fifteen, Maslama was appointed by his brother, Caliph Sulayman, to lead a campaign aimed at capturing Constantinople. However, this endeavor ended in failure, leading to his withdrawal in seven hundred eighteen under the orders of Sulayman's successor, Umar II. Following the rise of his brother Yazid II, Maslama successfully quelled a revolt in Iraq but was recalled in seven hundred twenty-one due to concerns over his increasing influence.

Despite being excluded from the line of succession due to his mother's status as a slave concubine, Maslama played a crucial role in securing the caliphate for his brother Hisham. Under Hisham's reign, he resumed military campaigns against the Byzantines and Khazars, achieving mixed results until he was replaced in seven hundred thirty-two by his cousin, Marwan II.

Maslama's legacy extended beyond the battlefield; he was granted extensive estates by his brothers, which he developed into productive agricultural lands. Although these estates were largely confiscated by the Abbasid dynasty after the Umayyads were overthrown in seven hundred fifty, Maslama's descendants were spared from the widespread persecutions that followed, a testament to his esteemed reputation.