Viola

The viola, a distinguished member of the violin family, is a string instrument that has captivated musicians since the 18th century. Slightly larger than the violin, it produces a rich, lower sound, serving as the middle or alto voice between the violin and cello. The instrument is typically tuned to C3, G3, D4, and A4, allowing it to play a unique role in various musical compositions.

Historically, the viola has undergone changes in size and style, with its name deriving from the Italian term 'viola da braccio,' meaning 'of the arm.' This term reflects the instrument's playing position. The Germans adopted the name 'Bratsche,' while the French referred to it with various terms, including 'cinquiesme' for a small viola and 'haute contre' for a larger version. Today, the term 'alto' is commonly used in France, highlighting its tonal range.

In the realm of music, the viola has played a significant role, particularly during the era of five-part harmony. It often takes on the 'inner voices' in string quartets and symphonic works, frequently providing accompaniment rather than leading melodies. However, it can also shine in soloistic roles, as seen in notable compositions like Richard Strauss's 'Don Quixote' and Hector Berlioz's 'Harold en Italie.' The early twentieth century saw a resurgence in viola compositions, thanks in part to prominent soloists like Lionel Tertis and William Primrose.

Many renowned composers, including Arthur Bliss, Benjamin Britten, and Ralph Vaughan Williams, have contributed to the viola repertoire, creating substantial chamber and concert works. Major concertos by Bartók, Hindemith, and Walton are considered essential pieces for violists, showcasing the instrument's versatility and depth. Hindemith, a violist himself, notably composed a significant body of work for the viola, including the celebrated concerto 'Der Schwanendreher.'